Decedents of Malcolm III
Close political relationships and marriages with the English led to the diffusion of the English language and Anglo-Norman aristocracy in Scotland.
The Wars of Independence
Towards the end of the 13th century, there was an aggressive English intervention to stop Scottish nobles arguing over who should inherit the throne leading to the Wars of Independence. The famous nobleman William Wallace led the Scottish resistance winning an important battle against the English at Stirling Bridge in 1297, but eventually he was executed in London.
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